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The most influential question-commentary on the Politics in the Middle Ages

Tekst achterflap

This volume is the first complete critical edition of Peter of Auvergne’s Questiones super I-VII libros Politicorum. The Questiones was produced at the Faculty of Arts of Paris sometime between late 1291 and 1296 and is the earliest surviving commentary in question form on Aristotle’s Politics. As the introduction explains, the Questiones was philosophically innovative and became the most influential question-commentary on the Politics in the Middle Ages. The volume also includes a critical edition of an earlier oral report (reportatio) of Peter’s teaching on Books I-II and part of III which became the basis for those sections of the Questiones. This volume is of interest to scholars of medieval philosophy and the history of political thought and is a reference point for future research on the medieval reception of Aristotle’s Politics and medieval Aristotelian practical philosophy more broadly.

Slogan/Promotie

This volume is the first complete critical edition of Peter of Auvergne’s Questiones super I-VII libros Politicorum. The Questiones was produced at the Faculty of Arts of Paris sometime between late 1291 and 1296 and is the earliest surviving commentary in question form on Aristotle’s Politics. As the introduction explains, the Questiones was philosophically innovative and became the most influential question-commentary on the Politics in the Middle Ages. The volume also includes a critical edition of an earlier oral report (reportatio) of Peter’s teaching on Books I-II and part of III which became the basis for those sections of the Questiones. This volume is of interest to scholars of medieval philosophy and the history of political thought and is a reference point for future research on the medieval reception of Aristotle’s Politics and medieval Aristotelian practical philosophy more broadly.

Biografie

Marco Toste is a research fellow at the Institute for Philosophical Studies of the University of Coimbra.

Inhoudsopgave

Foreword xvii Part I – Interpretative Study 1 Introduction 3 1. Introducing the Questiones super I-VII libros Politicorum and its Significance 3 2. The Place of Peter of Auvergne in Medieval Philosophy 8 3. The Context of the Questiones: Its Institutional Setting 13 4. The Text Commented on: The Latin Translation of Aristotle’s Politics 19 5. The Questiones and the Medieval Reception of the Politics 32 6. The Approach of This Study and Edition 44 Chapter 1 – Authorship 49 1. The Questiones and Peter’s Other Works 51 1.1. The Infinite 51 1.2. Privation 62 1.3. Natural Place and Celestial Influence 66 1.4. Teleology 73 2. The Questiones and the Scriptum 76 2.1. The Ruler–Subject Relationship in Terms of the Mover–Moved 77 2.2. Teleology 78 2.3. Hylomorphism 80 2.4. The Definition of Citizen 81 2.5. The Difference between a Free Man and a Slave 85 2.6. The Two Kinds of Multitude 87 2.7. The Question of Ostracism 88 2.8. Optimus Vir vs. Law 90 2.9. Hereditary vs. Elected Ruler 92 2.10. The Subject Matter of the Science of Politics: Book IV, Chapter 1 95 2.11. The Two Kinds of Office 96 2.12. Tyranny as an ‘Involuntary’ Regime 98 2.13. Nobility of Birth and Goodness Transmitted from Parents to Children 99 VIII Table of Contents 2.14. The Naturalness of Agriculture and the Farmers as the ‘Best Multitude’ for Democracy 102 2.15. Celestial and Environmental Influence on Human Behaviour 103 2.16. Similar Terminology and Similar Use of the Same Source 110 Chapter 2 – Date 119 1. The Questiones Within Peter’s Output 119 2. The Temporal Priority of the Scriptum over the Questiones 121 3. The Questiones and Views of Theologians at Paris 128 3.1. Henry of Ghent’s Quodlibeta (1286 and 1288) 128 3.2. James of Viterbo (1291) 130 3.3. Peter’s Quodlibeta and the Criticism of Godfrey of Fontaines (Early 1290s) 132 3.4. Giles of Rome (Late 1291) 139 3.5. Henry of Ghent’s Summa (Between 1281 and 1291) 142 4. Conclusions 143 Chapter 3 – The Relationship between the Questiones and B, ff. 60ra-68rb 145 1. The Questiones, B and Peter’s Oral Lectures 147 2. Analysis of B 151 2.1. Style and Use of Sources 151 2.2. B is Not an Abbreviatio 157 2.3. B is a Reportatio (Further Evidence) 159 3. The Questions Shared by B and the Questiones: A Reportatio and its Editing 164 4. The Questions Specific to Each Text 182 4.1. The Questions Contained Only in the Questiones 183 4.2. The Questions Contained Only in B 187 5. A Final Note About B: Its Date and Circulation 192 Chapter 4 – Sources 195 1. The Nicomachean Ethics 197 2. ‘Eustratius’ 198 3. Proclus and Neoplatonism 202 4. Sextus Empiricus 204 5. Aquinas’ Long Shadow 206 6. Previous Commentaries on the Politics 211 6.1. Albert the Great 211 6.2. Aquinas 215 7. Giles of Rome 217 8. Henry of Ghent 220 Table of Contents IX Chapter 5 – The Structure and Content of the Questiones and the Rationale of its Tabula Quaestionum 223 1. Book I 228 2. Book II 256 3. Book III 268 4. Book IV 285 5. Book V 291 6. Book VI 302 7. Book VII 306 8. Conclusions 310 Chapter 6 – Nachleben 313 Chapter 7 – Introduction to the Critical Editions 323 1. Principles of Edition 323 2. P as the Base Manuscript 324 3. Relation between the Manuscripts 326 4. Orthography 328 5. Conjectures and Emendations 332 6. Apparatus 333 7. Apparatus Fontium 334 8. Other Interventions 335 9. The Edition of the Reportatio 335 10. Conspectus Abbreviationum 337 11. Conspectus Signorum 337 Part II – Editions 339 Petri de Alvernia Questiones super I-VII libros Politicorum 341 Prohemium 343 Liber I 351 1. Circa istum librum primo potest queri de subiecto huius scientie, quia subiectum in scientia primum est in cognitione et ex cognitione eius dependet scientia omnium aliorum que in scientia inquiruntur, et illud est causa omnium. Queritur ergo primo utrum subiectum in hac scientia sit ciuitas ipsa uel bonum agibile ab homine ciuile 351 2. Vtrum scientia speculatiua et practica differant ratione et specie 354 3. Vtrum ista scientia sit speculatiua uel practica 362 4. Vtrum ista scientia sit principalissima aliarum 363 X Table of Contents 5. Vtrum omnis communicatio sit boni gratia 368 6. Vtrum ciuitas sit gratia principalissimi boni, ut dicit Philosophus 371 7. Vtrum combinatio maris et femine sit a natura 373 8. Vtrum mulier possit esse serua 380 9. Vtrum homo sit animal ciuile a natura 384 10. Vtrum seruus sit organum 390 11. Vtrum seruus, id quod est, domini sit 393 12. Vtrum ubicumque est coniunctio aliquorum in unum sit unum principans natura et aliud seruum et subiectum 395 13. Vtrum aliquis sit seruus a natura 398 14. Vtrum corpora seruorum et liberorum naturaliter sint differentia 403 15. Vtrum ille qui habundat in aliquo bono sit naturaliter dominus eius qui deficit in illo bono 405 16. Vtrum naturaliter bonus generet bonum et seruus seruum, sicut dicit Philosophus 407 17. Vtrum serui ad dominum sit amicitia 411 18. Vtrum principatus yconomicus, despoticus et politicus differant specie uel sint idem 413 19. Vtrum ex diuersitate cibi causetur distinctio uitarum 415 20. Vtrum natura faciat omnia animalia et plantas propter hominem 419 21. Vtrum possessiua sit pars yconomice 422 22. Vtrum appetitus diuitiarum naturalium sit infinitus 424 23. Vtrum, sicut dicit Philosophus, cuilibet rei possesse sit duplex usus 426 24. Vtrum multitudo pecuniarum sint uere diuitie 428 25. Vtrum appetitus finis sit infinitus 430 26. Vtrum appetitus diuitiarum artificialium sit infinitus 434 27. Vtrum usus campsorie possit esse secundum ordinem iustitie 435 28. An pro usu pecunie ille qui concedit possit recipere aliquid 439 29. Vtrum serui inquantum talis oportet esse aliquam uirtutem 442 30. An domini et serui sit una uirtus secundum rationem 444 31. Vtrum artificem inquantum huiusmodi oportet habere uirtutem 447 Liber II 451 1. Vtrum ciuitas sit una 451 2. Vtrum ciuitatem optimum sit esse quam maxime unam 454 3. Vtrum illud quod est commune minime curetur 456 4. Vtrum expediens sit ciuitati mulieres et pueros esse communes, sicut soluit Plato 458 5. Vtrum commisceri parentibus filios sit turpe secundum naturam et secundum se 462 6. Vtrum possessiones ciuitatis debent esse communes 465 Table of Contents XI 7. Vtrum expediat ciuitati mulieres ordinare ad bella 469 8. Vtrum lex sit aliquid ad rationem pertinens 472 9. Vtrum lex ordinetur in finem communem 474 10. Vtrum legislatorem in constituendo legem oportet inspicere ad homines et loca 476 11. De opinione Fellee, utrum necessarium sit politicum regulare possessiones 477 12. Vtrum expediat ciuitati possessiones esse equales 479 13. Vtrum magis expediat politico ordinare concupiscentiam quam possessiones 482 14. Vtrum permittendum sit ciues ditari quantumcumque contingit et sine termino 484 15. Vtrum terminus diuitiarum accipiendus sit in comparatione ad aliquod extrinsecum 486 16. Vtrum lex sit mutabilis 488 17. Vtrum lex sit mutanda meliore superueniente 490 18. Vtrum seruorum sit aliqua disciplina 493 19. Vtrum exercitium in uita militari sit principium multarum uirtutum 495 Liber III 499 1. Vtrum considerantem de politia oportet considerare prius de ciuitate 499 2. Vtrum considerantem de ciuitate oportet prius considerare de ciue, sicut dicit Philosophus 501 3. Vtrum sit ciuis simpliciter qui potest participare principatu consiliatiuo uel iudicatiuo 504 4. Vtrum ciuis unius rationis sit in omni politia 509 5. Vtrum ciuitas a principio usque ad finem maneat eadem numero 510 6. Vtrum ciuis inquantum huiusmodi per se sit aliqua uirtus 517 7. Vtrum ciuis sit una uirtus secundum omnem politiam 520 8. Vtrum ciuis studiosi et uiri optimi sit eadem uirtus 521 9. Vtrum principans in principatu despotico intendat bonum proprium uel bonum commune sibi et seruo 523 10. Vtrum principans in principatu yconomico intendat bonum subditorum 526 11. Vtrum politie distinguantur secundum distinctionem finis 528 12. Vtrum secundum distinctionem principantium conueniat politias distingui 529 13. Vtrum politie sint multe 532 14. Vtrum homines ut in pluribus sint praui iudices de se ipsis, ut dicit Philosophus 535 15. Vtrum melius sit principari paucos uirtuosos uel multitudinem in ciuitate 538 XII Table of Contents 16. Vtrum oportet multitudinem principari principatu maximo in ciuitate bene ordinata 541 17. Vtrum ciuitati expediat multitudinem eligere et corrigere principem et utrum hoc iustum sit 544 18. Vtrum principatus debeat distribui secundum dignitatem et excellentiam diuitiarum 546 19. Vtrum in distributione principatus debeat attendi ad excellentiam ingenuitatis, ut secundum hoc distribuatur 549 20. Vtrum distribuendus sit principatus secundum excellentiam potentie 551 21. Vtrum aliquis excedens omnes alios in aliquo bono sit ponendus esse non ciuis 554 22. Vtrum melius sit ciuitatem regi optimo uiro uel legibus 559 23. De sufficientia modorum regni quibus distinguitur 562 24. Vtrum, in quibus lex non determinat, melius sit ciuitatem regi pluribus uel uno 563 25. Vtrum melius sit regem uel principem assumi per generationem uel electionem 566 26. Vtrum melius sit ciuitatem regi uno uel pluribus 569 Liber IV 575 1. Vtrum huius scientie sit considerare que sit optima politia, ut dicit Philosophus in littera 575 2. Vtrum politicus debeat considerare de legibus 578 3. Vtrum tirannis sit pessima politiarum, ut dicit Philosophus 581 4. Vtrum politie distinguantur secundum distinctionem partium ciuitatis 584 5. Vtrum adulari sit uitium 588 6. Vtrum adulatores acceptentur et diligantur apud monarchas et apud populares 591 7. Vtrum modus democratie ubi monarchizat totus populus secundum sententiam, et non secundum leges, sit politia simpliciter 593 8. Vtrum possibile sit ciuitatem aliquam uiuere secundum politiam unam et obseruare leges alterius politie 597 9. Vtrum politia, que alio nomine dicitur tymocratia, mixta sit ex democratia et oligarchia 599 10. Vtrum ista politia sit recta et bona 602 11. Vtrum nobilitas sit uirtus 604 12. Vtrum nobilitas sit uirtus generis 607 13. Vtrum nobilitas ab ignobili incipiat 610 14. Vtrum nobilitas quanto magis protenditur sit maior 613 Table of Contents XIII Liber V 617 1. Consequenter queritur circa 5um Politicorum. Et quia ibi intendit Philosophus quod dissensio est corruptio ciuitatis, ideo primo, ad euidentiam seditionis, queritur de opposito eius, scilicet de pace, et queritur utrum pax sit finis ciuitatis 617 2. Vtrum amicitia sit causa pacis 620 3. Vtrum dissensio opponatur paci 623 4. Vtrum appetitus sit causa dissensionis 625 5. Vtrum dissimilitudo sit causa dissensionis 628 6. Vtrum locus sit causa dissensionis 630 7. Vtrum causa saluationis politie sit pax 634 8. Vtrum dissensio inter insignes et maiores ciuitatis de facili inualescat 636 9. De quodam uerbo Philosophi, qui dicit quod communis timor congregat etiam separatissimos; circa quod primo queritur utrum timor sit passio 638 10. Vtrum timor communis aggreget separatissimos 641 11. Vtrum ad recte principandum exigatur scientia in principe 643 12. Vtrum ad perfectionem principantis exigatur amor politie 646 13. Vtrum potentia exigatur ad perfectionem principantis 649 14. Posito quod sint duo, quorum unus sit potens et nequam, alius autem bonus et diligens politiam, quis horum magis eligendus est in principem 650 15. Vtrum tirannis sit politia 652 16. Vtrum tirannis sit politia naturalis 655 17. Vtrum tirannis alicui expediat 658 18. Vtrum tirannis saluetur per contraria, sicut dicit Philosophus 660 Liber VI 663 1. Vtrum agricultura sit naturalis 663 2. Vtrum agricolarum multitudo sit optima 665 3. Vtrum multitudo pastoralis sit melior ad politizandum quam multitudo que in ciuitate 668 4. Vtrum uiuere inordinate sit delectabilius multis 671 5. Vtrum oligarchia temperata constituatur ex habentibus mediocrem substantiam 676 6. Vtrum aliquis principatus in ciuitate sit necessarius 678 7. Vtrum necesse sit in ciuitate esse plures principatus 679 8. Vtrum in ciuitate sit unus principatus primus 681 9. Vtrum principatus posteriores et inferiores essentialiter ordinati sint sub primo 683 XIV Table of Contents Liber VII 687 1. Consequenter queritur circa 7um Politicorum, ubi Philosophus dicit uel primo inquirit de felicitate ultima hominis, et queritur utrum illa felicitas consistat in bonis exterioribus 687 2. Vtrum felicitas consistat in bonis corporis 691 3. Vtrum felicitas consistat in actu uirtutis per se 693 4. Vtrum eadem sit felicitas unius hominis et totius ciuitatis 697 5. Vtrum in actu uirtutis moralis consistat felicitas hominis, felicitas – inquam – politica 701 6. Vtrum felicitas consistat in actu prudentie qui est principari 705 7. Vtrum felicitas politica potior sit quam speculatiua 710 8. Vtrum ex dispositione regionis aliqui bene uel male politizent 720 9. Vtrum illi qui mediant secundum loca sint optime politizantes 723 Petri de Alvernia Questiones super I-III libros Politicorum (Reportatio) 729 Liber I 731 1. Vtrum ciuitas sit obiectum in politica 731 2. Vtrum ista scientia sit practica 732 3. Vtrum ista scientia sit principalissima 733 4. Vtrum omnis communitas humana sit instituta propter bonum 735 5. Vtrum ciuitas sit instituta gratia boni principalissimi 736 6. Vtrum combinatio maris et femine sit naturalis 738 7. Vtrum mulier sit natura serua 740 8. Vtrum barbari sint naturaliter serui 741 9. Vtrum ciuitas sit secundum naturam 742 10. Vtrum homo sit animal ciuile et sociale natura 743 11. Vtrum sermo insit homini a natura 746 12. Vtrum seruus sit organum domini 747 13. Vtrum ille qui deficit in aliquo bono sit natura seruus uel subiectus ei qui excedit in illo bono 748 14. Vtrum bonus naturaliter generet bonum 749 15. Vtrum principatus despoticus et yconomicus sint diuersi principatus 750 16. Vtrum uite aliorum animalium ab homine diuersificentur secundum diuersitatem ciborum 751 17. Vtrum plante et animalia alia ab homine sint facta gratia hominis 753 18. Vtrum possessio naturalis sit pars yconomice 755 19. Vtrum diuitie naturales sint infinite uel earum appetitus sit infinitus 756 20. Vtrum cuiuslibet rei possesse ab homine sit duplex usus 757 21. Vtrum inductio pecunie sit necessaria in ciuitate 759 22. Vtrum multitudo pecunie sint uere diuitie 760 Table of Contents XV 23. Vtrum appetitus finis sit infinitus 761 24. Vtrum appetitus diuitiarum sit infinitus 763 25. Vtrum usus campsorie sit contra iustitiam 764 26. Vtrum accipere aliquid pro usu pecunie accomodate sit contra iustitiam 767 27. Vtrum serui secundum se oporteat esse aliquam uirtutem 768 28. Vtrum principantis et serui sit una uirtus secundum rationem 770 29. Vtrum oporteat artificem habere aliquam uirtutem moralem 772 Liber II 775 1. Queritur utrum ciuitas sit una 775 2. Vtrum optimum sit ciuitatem esse maxime unam 776 3. Vtrum homines magis curent bonum proprium quam commune 778 4. Vtrum bonum sit in ciuitate filios et uxores esse communes 779 5. Vtrum commisceri parentibus carnaliter sit contra naturam 781 6. Habitis autem hiis considerare. Circa istud capitulum queritur utrum expediat ciuitati possessiones esse communes 783 7. Vtrum expediat mulieres ordinari ad bellum 785 8. Vtrum lex sit aliquid pertinens ad rationem 786 9. Vtrum lex ordinetur in finem communem 787 10. Vtrum legislator instituendo leges debeat inspicere ad homines et loca 789 11. Vtrum necessarium sit politicum regulare possessiones 790 12. Vtrum expediat possessiones ciuibus esse equales 791 13. Vtrum magis expediat ordinare concupiscentias quam possessiones 792 14. Vtrum permittendum sit diuites ditari quantumcumque contingit 794 15. Vtrum terminus diuitiarum sit accipiendus per comparationem ad aliquid extrinsecum 795 16. Vtrum lex sit mutabilis 796 17. Vtrum lex antiqua sit mutanda meliori superueniente 798 18. Vtrum serui sit aliqua disciplina 799 19. Vtrum exercitium in uita militari sit principium multarum uirtutum 800 Liber III 803 1. Vtrum considerantem de politia oporteat determinare de ciuitate 803 2. Vtrum considerantem de ciuitate oportet primum de ciue considerare 804 3. Vtrum ciuis sit qui potest uti principatu iudicatiuo et consiliatiuo 805 4. Vtrum ciuis per unam rationem dicatur de omni ciue uel in omni politia 807 5. Vtrum ciuitas remaneat una numero a principio usque ad finem 808 6. Vtrum ciuis secundum quod ciuis sit aliqua uirtus 810 7. Vtrum ciuis secundum omnem politiam sit una uirtus 811 8. Vtrum uiri optimi et ciuis studiosi sit una uirtus 812 XVI Table of Contents 9. Vtrum in principatu despotico dominus intendit bonum commune sui et serui uel bonum proprium 814 10. Vtrum princeps in principatu yconomico intendat per se bonum subditorum 815 11. Vtrum politia distinguatur secundum distinctionem finis 817 12. Vtrum politie distinguantur secundum distinctionem principatuum 818 13. Vtrum sint plures politie 820 14. Vtrum aliqui praue iudicent de se ipsis 822 15. Vtrum melius sit multitudinem quam paucos uirtuosos principari 824 16. Vtrum in principatu summo oporteat principari multitudinem 826 17. Vtrum expediat multitudinem attingere ad electionem principis et correctionem 828 18. Vtrum principatus sint distribuendi secundum dignitatem diuitiarum 829 19. Vtrum in distributione principatus oporteat inspicere ad ingenuitatem 832 Bibliography 835 Manuscripts 835 Primary Printed Sources 836 Secondary Literature 847 Indices 865 1. Study 865 Index Codicum Manuscriptorum 865 Index Nominum (– 1800) 867 Index Nominum (1800 –) 870 2. Editions 874 Index Locorum (Questiones) 874 Index Locorum (Reportatio) 898

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