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This study examines the discourse of reform within the Franciscan Observant movement through an analysis of two late medieval chronicles: Nicolaus Glassberger’s Chronica ordinis minorum observantum and Bernardino Aquilano’s Chronica fratrum minorum observantiae. It argues that these chronicles served not only as historical records but as strategic tools for legitimizing the Observants’ identity, promoting their spiritual ideals, and dealing with the socio-political landscapes of the fifteenth century. The Observants, advocating a return to Franciscan poverty and humility, positioned themselves as reformers against the perceived laxity of Conventual Franciscans, deploying narratives to assert continuity with St. Francis while adapting to late medieval challenges. The analysis sheds light on the chroniclers’ strategies of combining moral virtues, stories of institutional growth, and political engagement. Glassberger’s comprehensive account emphasizes papal endorsements, miraculous events, and trans-regional expansion, reflecting efforts toalign Observant reforms with broader ecclesiastical authority. Aquilano’s focus on Italian contexts underscores conflicts with Conventuals, the role of education, and the integration of humanist influences, illustrating tensions between ascetic ideals and pastoral pragmatism. Both authors employ biographies, miracle stories, and conflict narratives to model Observant virtues, legitimize their movement, and criticize rivals. The study shows the Observants’ nuanced negotiation of spiritual ideals and institutional realities. Chronicles functioned as internal pedagogical tools that engendered communal identity through exemplary figures like Bernardino of Siena and John Capistrano, while addressing external threats such as the Ottoman advance and internal schisms. Furthermore, by reproducing papal decrees, episodes of missionary endeavors, and dialogues with secular authorities, the texts reinforced the Observants’ role as moral and political mediators. Ultimately, the chronicles exemplify how Observants balanced tradition and adaptation, using historical narrative to secure their place within an evolving Church and society. They shaped a reformist identity rooted in continuity, moral rigor, and calculated engagement with late medieval intellectual and political currents.

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Introduction Sources and scope of the present study Argument Method and concepts I. The Franciscan Observance: Development and Ideals I.1. The emergence of Observance I.2. The pillars of Observance I.3. Medieval discourses of virtues and reform I.4. Observant Modulations of the Medieval System of Moral Virtues I.5. The Observants and the medieval discourses of power II. The Observant Discourse of Reform: Legitimation, Education, and Communication II.1. The Observants and their efforts at institutional legitimation II.2. Integrating Education in the Observant Discourse of Reform II.2.1. Late medieval ideas of education II.2.2. Between devotion and education II.2.3. Observant mentors: Bernardino of Siena, John Capistrano, and their educational activities II.2.4. Education and humanism II.3. Communicating the Observant reform II.3.1. Communication oriented towards moralization: preaching and life-writing II.3.2. Communication for legitimization purposes: documents and letters II.4.Conclusion III. Observant Identity and its Chronicle Forms III.1. Authorial fashioning III.2. Narrating Franciscan institutional recognition and religious authority III.3. The Observants as viewed in the chronicles III.4. Ideals in the formation of Observant identity: from spiritual models to political power III.5. Balancing ideals and pragmatism III.6. Otherness III.6.1. The Other: Greeks, Tatars, and Turks III.7. Narrative strategies in the formation of Observant identity III.7.1. Types of chronicle narratives III.7.2. Narrative of events: from leadership-centered episodes to miracles III.7.3. Narrative of conflicts III.7.4. Biographies III.7.5. Observant history: a dynamic enterprise and a story of continuity Conclusion. Narrative constructions of Observant identity: between action and ideals Bibliography I. Primary Sources II. Secondary Literature

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